Two sample Student's t-test #1

t-Test to compare the means of two groups under the assumption that both samples are random, independent, and come from normally distributed population with unknow but equal variances

Here I will use the same data just seen in a previous post. The data are given below:

A: 175, 168, 168, 190, 156, 181, 182, 175, 174, 179
B: 185, 169, 173, 173, 188, 186, 175, 174, 179, 180

To solve this problem we must use to a Student's t-test with two samples, assuming that the two samples are taken from populations that follow a Gaussian distribution (if we cannot assume that, we must solve this problem using the non-parametric test called Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test; we will see this test in a future post). Before proceeding with the t-test, it is necessary to evaluate the sample variances of the two groups, using a Fisher's F-test to verify the homoskedasticity (homogeneity of variances). In R you can do this in this way:

a = c(175, 168, 168, 190, 156, 181, 182, 175, 174, 179)
b = c(185, 169, 173, 173, 188, 186, 175, 174, 179, 180)

var.test(a,b)

     F test to compare two variances

data: a and b
F = 2.1028, num df = 9, denom df = 9, p-value = 0.2834
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
   0.5223017 8.4657950
sample estimates:
 ratio of variances
2.102784

We obtained p-value greater than 0.05, then we can assume that the two variances are homogeneous. Indeed we can compare the value of F obtained with the tabulated value of F for alpha = 0.05, degrees of freedom of numerator = 9, and degrees of freedom of denominator = 9, using the function qf(p, df.num, df.den):

qf(0.95, 9, 9)
[1] 3.178893

Note that the value of F computed is less than the tabulated value of F, which leads us to accept the null hypothesis of homogeneity of variances.
NOTE: The F distribution has only one tail, so with a confidence level of 95%, p = 0.95. Conversely, the t-distribution has two tails, and in the R's function qt(p, df) we insert a value p = 0975 when you're testing a two-tailed alternative hypothesis.

Then call the function t.test for homogeneous variances (var.equal = TRUE) and independent samples (paired = FALSE: you can omit this because the function works on independent samples by default) in this way:

t.test(a,b, var.equal=TRUE, paired=FALSE)

Two Sample t-test

data: a and b
t = -0.9474, df = 18, p-value = 0.356
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
  -10.93994 4.13994
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
    174.8     178.2

We obtained p-value greater than 0.05, then we can conclude that the averages of two groups are significantly similar. Indeed the value of t-computed is less than the tabulated t-value for 18 degrees of freedom, which in R we can calculate:

qt(0.975, 18)
[1] 2.100922

This confirms that we can accept the null hypothesis H0 of equality of the means.